Investigation of Sustainable Tourism and its Role in Tourism Planning Essay

Investigation of Sustainable Tourism and its Role in Tourism Planning and Development - Essay Example Thus, a sustainable tourism aspect essentially tries to make the optimal use of the physical and environmental resources available in the host destinations because this constructs the basic element of an ethically and morally compliant tourism sector. Also, sustainable tourism involves the maintenance of the essential environment and ecological processes and actively acts towards the conservation of the cultural heritage, biodiversity and natural heritage of the host destination, shows adequate respect to the identification and the socio cultural authenticity of the tourism destination, conserves the living traditional values and contributes to the environmental and social development, enhances the intercultural tolerance and understanding of the benefits for the location. Sustainable tourism is also necessary because it helps to build up a more dynamic and efficient tourism sector by ensuring long term and viable operations and by providing various types of social and economic benef its to the key stakeholders of the industry. These benefits include the creation of income earning and employment opportunities, provision of social services to the local communities and contributions for poverty reduction and economic value creation for the respective destinations. The development of a sustainable tourism is critical to ensure that the negative impacts of the conventional tourism industry are restrained by the entities functioning in the tourism sector. The tourism developments should necessarily be planned in a sustainable manner because the need for sustainability and compliance with the environmental and ethical standards and requirements have become the buzzword for achieving competiveness and ensuring success in the dynamic and intensely competitive global tourism environment (Mowforth and Munt, 2003). Another reason why tourism developments are to

Not So Sure It’s Ernest Essay Example for Free

Not So Sure It’s Ernest Essay In The Importance of Being Earnest (1985) by Oscar Wilde (1854 – 1900) and Sure Thing (1988) by David Ives (1950 ) we witness characters attempting to negotiate personal relationships under the heavy weight of contemporary perceptions. The Importance of Being Earnest takes place in Victorian England, roughly between 1850 and 1900, and Sure Thing is a contemporary play that debuted in 1988. In both plays we are forced over and over again to take an honest look at what is important in the lives of two people who hope to make a love connection. In the Oscar Wilde play in the end we discover that all was not, or rather that all was what it seemed, even if it was not really meant to be. In David Ives one act play we go through the rigors of what we all have come to believe is considered acceptable and end up being forced to look inside of ourselves as the play evolves. Both plays present a brilliant satire on pompousness and the expectations of society. Not So Sure It’s Ernest Although born and raised an entire century apart from one another, both Oscar Wilde and David Ives hit upon a similar note of social cynicism in their respective celebrated plays; The Importance of Being Earnest (1895), and Sure Thing (1988) Both deal with the heavy impact that social mores contemporary to their day seem to have upon the intimate union of man and woman. They both feature characters that seem to question the earnest nature of their own relationships. While Wilde’s London characters appear to be more deeply involved, and to have perhaps more at sake in their remotely settled Eighteenth Century Victorian lives, Ives on the other hand presents an almost transient view of contemporary Post Modern urban life in the mid 1980’s. Make no mistake about it, his is a view poised from the super-charged post-Future Shock-internet age. Yet, together they present a vision of society that is often rather similar in its critique. These are characters whose only options seem to be raw cynicism or stark narcissism, as if the weight of life leaves them with no other choice. Ultimately, both narratives involve a world where the characters try their best to reinterpret what is truly important in their own lives; in order to escape the neurosis that surrounds them. In each plot, comedy plays a fascinating role as if to help us adjust to the psychological dilemma that we witness unfolding before our eyes. As the characters on the stage embark upon a mission to reinvent themselves, triggered either by a startling revelation that all is not quite what it actually seems or simply by the ringing of a bell, we see that happiness is all about what you are willing to believe. These are plays about relationships, and the sometimes overwhelming influence that social and class perceptions have upon whether that ‘love connection’ actually happens or not. Both playwrights take direct satirical aim at male-female relationships and the often bogus nature of courtship and just what it may entail. It is as if love and marriage, or perhaps the respective contemporary mores governing love and marriage is viewed by both of these men with a fundamental contempt. The women appear for the most part strong and somewhat liberated. However, this is satire by the way, and the language involved helps to construct two moral universes with a vision of life that is actually deserving of mockery. In Sure Thing this is aided with the immediacy of a bell which interrupts and determines the success or failure of each exchange. For the cast of The Importance of Being Earnest, we are led to believe that there is actually much more at stake; simply because we are taken through a narrative that is about much more their lives. Wilde wrote during one of Great Britain’s celebrated golden ages. It was the Victorian Age, a time when England commanded the sea and had very few rivals in the world. It was a time of great economic consolidation for the UK, and a time of great expectation and upward mobility for a bourgeoning English middle class. The Germans were often considered crude, and the French were frequently called vulgar in their appetite for free expression. This was the dawn of the modern industrial age, and in Great Britain unlike the character in Wilde’s play, it was really deemed improper in polite company for a man to directly propose marriage to a young woman. Usually, her parents would be the first to know of a man’s intentions for their child, and for the young woman this was actually supposed to come as quite a surprise. Oscar Wilde was one to write narratives that poked fun at English culture and ran contrary to these notions of propriety. This is what much of his literature is all about. The short one-act play Sure Thing, takes place in a post-modern urban American setting. We are simply led into a coffee shop where a prototypical rendezvous takes place between a man and a woman. It is one generation after the sexual revolution, and the nature of boy meets girl is summed up for us in a series of one-liners or pick up lines from Bill to Betty. His success or failure is determined by a bell and also by his and our relative proximity to current perceptions of what is actually socially acceptable and perhaps politically correct. So it is that everything, from his knowledge of literature, to where he grew up, his grade point average, and where he went to school, all elicit relative scrutiny from the overly cynical bell ringer. This is done well within ear shod of an audience that is quickly fit to express its own cynicism as well. It is as if we become Betty’s parents as we look on, in the hopes that Bill will finally get it right and make a proper connection. In the end, Ives is cleverly allowing us to poke fun at ourselves.

How Dangerous are Trade Disputes Between the EU and the US for Transatlantic Relations? :: Trading European Union United States Essays

How Dangerous are Trade Disputes Between the EU and the US for Transatlantic Relations? INTRODUCTION The United States of America and the 15 countries that comprise the European Union are the two largest economies in the world, and possess the world’s biggest bilateral trading and investment relationship. The enormous impact of trade relations between the two continents creates thousands of jobs and wealth on both sides of the Atlantic. These transatlantic flows of trade and investment amount to around $1 billion a day, and jointly, the global trade accounts for almost 40 % of world trade . These staggering figures indicate the incredible synergies that can result from cooperative agreements between countries, but are not always free from the perilous touch of political and national interests. Every relationship has its own pitfalls and troubles, and if not kept in check the trade disagreements that arise between these powerful entities can pose a dangerous threat to the entire relationship. Unfortunately, the disagreements that result can become so heated that a complete trade shutdown of certain items occurs. One such example is the EU/US beef trade dispute. As Michael Paulson of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer notes, as much as 90 % of US beef is produced with the aid of growth hormones and is shipped to 138 countries . The dispute is now in its 14th year after several interesting milestones in the dispute’s history. The Office of the US Trade Representative identifies several important milestones in the case beginning in 1985, when the EU restricted use of hormones to therapeutic purposes only. This was followed by a complete ban in 1989 on meat from animals treated with six growth hormones, effectively ending virtually all importation of American and Canadian beef. In 1996 the US and Canada consulted the World Trade Organization (WTO) about the ban, with the WTO ruling in 1997 that the EU’s beef ban was not based on scientific evidence . Researchers at Kansas State University have verified the WTO’s stand that there is no merit to claims hormone-fed beef is not safe to eat, as long as the hormones are used with generally accepted veterinary principles. American beef producers claim that European producers support the ban because it stifles competition, giving them a competitive edge in their own backyard through trade protectionism. They complain that French farmers are some of the most heavily subsidized in the world, giving them an unfair trade advantage.

Huck Finn Should Not Be Banned Essay

High Schools in the United States should not ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This book is one of the most important components of American literature in our libraries today, it throws the reader into a time when slavery was lawful and accepted, and gives the reader a new perspective on slavery in general. Until civil rights groups can come up with a better argument than the word â€Å"nigger† creating a â€Å"hostile work environment†(Zwick) it should not be taken off the required reading list of any High School in the country. Every one hundred years dialects change and what is considered â€Å"politically correct†, or socially acceptable, changes. â€Å"David Bradley argues that ‘if we’d eradicated the problem of racism in our society, Huckleberry Finn would be the easiest book in the world to teach’† (Zwick, Jim. â€Å"Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?†). If we, as a nation, make it a point to rule out all books that could possibly offend students, then every hundred years or so our library of American Literature will be completely different. Even today, modern day authors use vulgar language, lurid sexual content, and racial slurs to get their point across. If The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is taken off of required reading lists across the country, then that could create a never-ending cycle of books being taken off of school shelves every time words and ideas become unacceptable. If this is the way that American society is turning then something must be don e, and the Superintendents, Deans, and Principals of every High School around the country must take it upon themselves to do it because the students will not. The people who are trying to ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are only trying to block out a part of American history that they would just as soon be forgotten, but every part of American history needs to be dealt with and accepted by everyone at a young age. Trying to shield students from any important part of history is a crime within itself. Hannibal, Missouri is a prime example of this type of crime. Every year they have a citywide celebration of Mark Twain, but they do not celebrate The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn or The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson nor do they teach it in their schools. Best stated by Shelly Fisher Fishkin, the theater company in Hannibal â€Å"was upholding a long American tradition of making slavery and its legacy and blacks themselves invisible†(Zwick, Jim. â€Å"Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?†). This just shows how foolish many parts of America can be; they embrace him and call him a genius in one aspect, but they convenien tly don’t seem to notice his genius in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn because they are too distracted by the language and actions of Huckleberry Finn himself. Just because a book has some offensive content is not enough of a reason to ban a book, the general value of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn greatly overshadows any offensive language it may contain. It shows how the American public thought back then, their morals, and their way of life. It was simply they way they were brought up. In Chapter 32 of Huckleberry Finn Aunt Sally asks if anyone was hurt in a steamboat accident, Huck replies, â€Å"No’m. Killed a nigger†(Twain 167). The subject is then closed because no â€Å"people† were harmed, and in their minds, nobody was. That is something that cannot be expressed in a textbook or a teacher with the same degree of authenticity. The book immerses the student in a time where slavery was accepted. Teachers taught it, pastors preached it, mayors practiced it, and children saw absolutely nothing wrong with it because that is how they had been brought up. Huckleberry, however, was not raised â€Å"proper† an d so had an almost completely clean head about the subject â€Å"The Widow Douglas, she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time† (Twain 1). He saw Jim as a person and was even willing to go to hell to protect him. Just his use of the word â€Å"nigger† did not make him a bad person; it was exactly the way people talked back in that period of time. The book tries to show that black people were just as human as white people and was probably the most blatant anti-slavery book of the time, â€Å"many scholars consider it a staunchly antiracist novel†(Zwick, Jim. â€Å"Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?†). If only that idea was appreciated today, the book would come across as a classic instead of a source of debate. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an avid anti-slavery novel, and despite flawed criticism from close-minded individuals, is one of the finest windows into a dark period of history that we all must deal with. One will not completely understand the way of life when slavery was accepted until they have read an entirely unbiased and uncensored book written during that time and dealing with the topic of slavery.

A mom before the Prom Essay

Teen pregnancy has been gravelly increased in the last few years. Bad media influences (Many programs at TV programs or sexual content movies as well as other mediums) can be the factors that teen girls nowadays are getting a wrong advice that teen motherhood can a common way to live. Partners and friends’s bad influence is making them think that is right to have sex at a young age and will make them feel more popular. In that regards, this essay by Cristina page is restating the issue that more forms of bad media and wrong people’s influences are available today than ever before and consequently teens girls are much more exposed to a lot of information and these sometimes switch teen girl’s mind to do something wrong when they think is totally normal and it also has made teen girls to believe that having children at a young age might be beneficial because they think giving a child for adoption might improve their fortune giving them away for millions of dollars , so it can’t ruin her adolescence too but in reality it can really affect them. – Personally I can share the view of the author in this essay: Teen pregnancy is in reality one of the most difficult experiences a teen girl might ever face when that can interrupt her education or other plans such as getting a better career or maintain fathers with them, but most of the time it doesn’t work and that’s when the situation gets worse. Children usually grow without a father figure when their parents have them at a very young age or sometimes they don’t even live with both parents because they can’t take care of them or support them economically. So when this children start to live without a parental guide , they grow adopting a bad behavior and getting the wrong advices from other bad people and turned into criminals , stealers, or other people of bad reputation because they live in a poor ambient without having a parent who can guide and help them to raise their levels of education. – Most of the time, when teen moms decide to have a baby, teen girls don’t really take care of their babies when they are still formatting inside their body as old mothers and because of their immaturity, sometimes they don’t realize the huge damage they cause to their babies if they start smoking and drinking or working so hard because now they need to support themselves economically carrying heavy stuff when they have to rest the most during their pregnancy. Children are tending to born prematurely, with a disease, a mental retardation or even born death. – Usually we think that there’s not any difference of acquiring the same standards of education or a good life when a kid’s parents are so young and the other’s parent are more mature. The children of teen parents can suffer more of abuse at home and at school or disregard from their parents and grow more with farness or adopt a bad behavior, so that implies that they could not do so well at school, they could get lower grades and repeat their classes or drop out from High School without completing their education. This might increase the raise of poverty in families with young parents too and this leads society into decreasing its economy too. I really enjoyed reading this essay because it deals with a controversial issue and restates the causes of why teen pregnancy is becoming a worldwide problem, it must be thought in class so we can share our own viewpoints about it. 10-) – I encourage people to consider more this issue because if we want a better life for our

Murder of Andrew Jackson essays

Murder of Andrew Jackson essays For the past few weeks America has been at unease due to the shocking and unexpected murder of our beloved President Andrew Jackson. Since that tragic day in late February of 1837 one question has been engulfing the minds of every man woman and child in this nation, who did it? And why did they do it? Top police investigation forces have been working around the clock in a frantic effort to expose the unknown assassin. The Presidents murderer had carelessly left behind a satchel filled with various items. The items that were found inside the satchel are the only clues the police were able to recover from the scene of the crime. Many of the clues can be traced back to one man. One man, that had such a terrible hatred toward Jackson that it drove him to the most drastic and extreme of all acts, the act of cold blooded murder. Now I will set the nations ardent curiosity at ease and reveal the unknown assassin. This man is no other than the South Carolina senator, former Jackson Vice-President, John C. Calhoun. Calhoun was a strong supporter of the states rights, he hated how Jackson mistreated the southern states. Calhoun was also angered by Jacksons intolerance to any notion of state power over federal power, for example the South Carolina crisis. Jackson also destroyed all of Calhouns political aspirations when he was forced to resign as Jacksons Vice-President, as Jackson favored other members of the cabinet over Calhoun. Calhoun had so much anger and resentment for Jackson, he needed to take revenge on him for destroying his political life and for the mistreatment of the state of South Carolina. Calhouns hatred drove him to taking the ultimate revenge on Jackson, what he ended up taking from Jackson was his life. Calhoun strongly challenged many of Jacksons nationalistic and personally hurtful policies, which may have been enough to drive Calhoun to this treacherous act. Back when...

Housing Projects Should be Ablolished essays

Housing Projects Should be Ablolished essays Housing projects should be abolished; they lower the value of the communities that they are in, are magnets for crime, are untaken care of and in hazardous conditions, and are costly for the government to build. Housing projects were developed in the 1930s for housing for the working poor. They were often built in the unfavorable places of towns and they were large towering apartments as you can see in New York and Chicago. This concentrated the poor into an already poor part of town. The lowest unemployment rates and highest crime rates can be found in the projects. The poor were concentratrated into one area because of discrimination, most housing applicants were African- American, many white middle class feared if poor blacks were to move in it reduce the value of their property. Thus the poor were grouped together where no one wanted to live anyway. This gave no hope for the poor of some how making it back into society. Nothing but poverty surrounded these people. This made way for the crime, violence, and easy money that is associated today with American subsidized housing. In Chicago the postal service would not deliver to some housing segments for fear of their lives. In Pi ttsburgh PAT bus drivers will tell you that there are some stops they will just not stop at and most are found in or around the projects. Projects are notorious for their violence and drug trafficking. This is not a good environment for a child to grow up in. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, children who are witness to violence are more prone to depression, lower grades in school, and to violence themselves. Projects ruin are youth, so we are ruining the future. We must get rid of these poor concentrations found all over the country. Studies show that dispersing the poor throughout the classes, instead a single poor area of town shows that poor families have a better opportunity to better their lives. Many cities are bul...

How to Use Repetition to Develop Effective Paragraphs

How to Use Repetition to Develop Effective Paragraphs An important quality of an effective paragraph is unity. A unified paragraph sticks to one topic from start to finish, with every sentence contributing to the central purpose and main idea of that paragraph. But a strong paragraph is more than just a collection of loose sentences. Those sentences need to be clearly connected so that readers can follow along, recognizing how one detail leads to the next. A paragraph with clearly connected sentences is said to be cohesive. Repetition of Key Words Repeating keywords in a paragraph is an important technique for achieving cohesion. Of course, careless or excessive repetition is boring- and a source of clutter. But used skillfully and selectively, as in the paragraph below, this technique can hold sentences together and focus the readers attention on a central idea. We Americans are a charitable and humane people: we have institutions devoted to every good cause from rescuing homeless cats to preventing World War III. But what have we done to promote the art of thinking? Certainly we make no room for thought in our daily lives. Suppose a man were to say to his friends, Im not going to PTA tonight (or choir practice or the baseball game) because I need some time to myself, some time to think? Such a man would be shunned by his neighbors; his family would be ashamed of him. What if a teenager were to say, Im not going to the dance tonight because I need some time to think? His parents would immediately start looking in the Yellow Pages for a psychiatrist. We are all too much like Julius Caesar: we fear and distrust people who think too much. We believe that almost anything is more important than thinking.(Carolyn Kane, from Thinking: A Neglected Art. Newsweek, December 14, 1981) Notice that the author uses various forms of the same word- think, thinking, thought- to link the different examples and reinforce the main idea of the paragraph. (For the benefit of budding rhetoricians, this device is called polyptoton.) Repetition of Key Words and Sentence Structures A similar way to achieve cohesion in our writing is to repeat a particular sentence structure along with a keyword or phrase. Although we usually try to vary the length and shape of our sentences, now and then we may choose to repeat a construction to emphasize connections between related ideas. Heres a short example of structural repetition from the play Getting Married by George Bernard Shaw: There are couples who dislike one another furiously for several hours at a time; there are couples who dislike one another permanently; and there are couples who never dislike one another; but these last are people who are incapable of disliking anybody. Notice how Shaws reliance on semicolons (rather than periods) reinforces the sense of unity and cohesion in this passage. Extended Repetition On rare occasions, emphatic repetitions may extend beyond just two or three main clauses. Not long ago, the Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk provided an example of extended repetition (specifically, the device called anaphora) in his Nobel Prize Lecture, My Fathers Suitcase: The question we writers are asked most often, the favorite question, is: Why do you write? I write because I have an innate need to write. I write because I can’t do normal work as other people do. I write because I want to read books like the ones I write. I write because I am angry at everyone. I write because I love sitting in a room all day writing. I write because I can partake of real life only by changing it. I write because I want others, the whole world, to know what sort of life we lived, and continue to live, in Istanbul, in Turkey. I write because I love the smell of paper, pen, and ink. I write because I believe in literature, in the art of the novel, more than I believe in anything else. I write because it is a habit, a passion. I write because I am afraid of being forgotten. I write because I like the glory and interest that writing brings. I write to be alone. Perhaps I write because I hope to understand why I am so very, very angry at everyone. I write because I like to be read. I write because once I have begun a novel, an essay, a page I want to finish it. I write because everyone expects me to write. I write because I have a childish belief in the immortality of libraries, and in the way my books sit on the shelf. I write because it is exciting to turn all life’s beauties and riches into words. I write not to tell a story but to compose a story. I write because I wish to escape from the foreboding that there is a place I must go but- as in a dream- can’t quite get to. I write because I have never managed to be happy. I write to be happy.(The Nobel Lecture, 7 December 2006. Translated from the Turkish, by Maureen Freely. The Nobel Foundation 2006) Two well-known examples of extended repetition appear in our Essay Sampler: Judy Bradys essay Why I Want a Wife (included in part three of the Essay Sampler) and the most famous portion of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have A Dream speech. Final Reminder: Needless repetition that only clutters our writing should be avoided. But the careful repetition of keywords and phrases can be an effective strategy for fashioning cohesive paragraphs.

Montessori Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Montessori Education - Essay Example One of the most important differences between the Montessori Method and other traditional methods is that the Montessori Method focuses on enhancing the natural enjoyment of learning. According to Dr. Montessori there are several â€Å"sensitivity periods† of development during which a child’s brain is chiefly open to learning definite skills or knowledge; From the birth to about the age of six children have an, â€Å"absorbent mind† through which they acquire boundless impetus to gain knowledge of and attain proficiency within their world. This is also a period where children perfect their skills and understandings; Movement enhances thoughts and learning. In other words this theory is against the traditional way of classroom teaching where the children have to sit in their respective places and the teacher imparts the knowledge from the text; Children do well when they are interested and get involved or actively participate in the learning process; Children are competent of independent learning, and learning is enhanced by having a sense of control within a learning environment; Order in the classroom environment is favourable for childrenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s learning; Children generally learn on their own during periods of independent powerful focus; Children become skilled through self-discovery, and learn from their own mistakes (Stoudenmier, N.D). The Montessori educational system is unique and is gaining much popularity around the world. It has effectively undergone continued development for more than seventy years and has been used successfully among various categories of children such as mentally retarded, physically handicapped, normal, and gifted children. Several researchers point out that one of the significant reason, for its success and popularity is that it is a comprehensive method of education consequential from a combination of research on development, learning, curriculum, and teaching. Montessori approach work

International and Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International and Strategic Marketing - Essay Example The demographics that are within a local market differ from those in the global market. More important, there are changing trends that are based on specific psychological responses and trends by specific populations that a business has to be aware of before moving into the market. Those who are on the Internet constitute a different type of business than those who are in a locality (Calliau, 2010). Step 3: The unity of analysis to be examined will be the entertainment and event industry on the Internet and whether it can expand into a global market. There will be an understanding of how local businesses are working toward expansion in the entertainment arena into a global market. Step 4: The data availability is based on the current trends as well as the noted expansions of the entertainment industry. There will also be specific data available based on the trends with Internet music and entertainment. Step 6: The research will begin with identifying the current market online as well as what types of responses are occurring from demographics. This will be combined with defining a specific entertainment segment that is continuing to grow and how this is being affected by the changes in trends. The information will be compared to note how businesses are taking different concepts into consideration for the changing market. Step 7  : The data gathered shows that there is a growth in entertainment at a global level, specifically because of the Internet. Generation Y is changing the way entertainment is looked at, specifically because technology is used as a portal for entertainment and socialization. The statistics gathered are showing the online recreation is now a direct part of the younger generations and is providing for more growth with online use (Jones, Fox, 2009). The concept of using the Internet for entertainment also relies on changing factors that relate to why individuals use the

Facilitating Learning in Professional Practice Essay

Facilitating Learning in Professional Practice - Essay Example The word construction can be used in terming the learning of nursing students in course of their education. 1 The conceptions of students change during education and they are studied by vosniadou (1994), Tynjala (1999). Their study gave knowledge about how the student nurses define the health promotion concept's relationship with health education. The student's descriptions about promotion of health emphasised the approaches, which concentrate on life style and changes in behaviour. Some students did not understand the relationship between health promotion and health education and the relationship between them in professional practice. The student must be aware of the interpretations of health promotion and the methods to apply them in practice. The change in conceptions and constructions of student nurses can be viewed as change in conceptions in the learning process. In this course the students understand what is the right meaning of health promotion. When the understanding is advanced the students act like experts. They observe a large area of results due to promotion of health and they will be able to apply them in new and critical situations. When the constructivist idea about knowledge is present, then the learning can be consistent. The learners build their knowledge by re constructing their concepts about health promotion and they interpret new information by using existing knowledge. In the process of moving from education while understanding health promotion to assess competence, it is necessary to be aware of the developments in the student in the course of education.1 In number of countries the teaching regarding health promotion in nursing education is on the basis of two WHO declarations; the Ottawa charter (1986), Health for all 2000. According to those charters, health promotion is defined as a process of making people capable of having control over their health and even to improve it. It should combine the structural change along with individual education. In nursing it is viewed as an integral part of daily practice. It should incorporate disease centred approach as proposed by Robinson and Hill (1995) as they are cited in 'Investigating student nurses' constructions of health promotion in nursing education, health education research'. But this is not enough. For modern needs of the society the nursing students must be equipped with promotion of health, which incorporates societal, political, economic and media aspects. The new approach should refer to interaction about promotion of health, which needs to clarify about the values, beliefs and determinants of health along with behaviour. The aim should be well being of individuals and empowerment of their communities. The promotion of health is situation specific and occurs in even complex situations. Then the knowledge building needs flexibility along with critical thinking, which reflects health promotion. The most complex form of change in student's conception is about revision at the level of theory, which is capable of causing misconceptions. This results in inconsistency and inertia. The studies of Tynjala (1999) establish that the change in concepts occurs on four levels; individual's semantic level, at the level of relationships between concepts, ontological level, and at the level of theory. According to Boud and Walker (1998) the context is the most important influence on reflection of learning. Different

Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Quiz - Essay Example Breeders who cross-breed animals to increase the occurrence of a desirable trait often encounter a noticeable increase in lethal genes. Why? Lamarcks ideas on evolution were adopted by some Russian scientists. Their textbooks asserted that a wheat plant could be made cold-hardy by conditioning in cold storage, or that workmen who develop strong muscles would produce children who would be born stronger. In this way of thinking, which of the major premises of evolution by natural selection was violated? In the case of the peppered moths in England, when Kettlewell set up cameras to document that more white or black moths were eaten by birds on clean or sooty trees, he was observing which factor involved in evolution by natural selection? Disruptive selection is described in Chapter 19 of the text with the case of British land snails. In the grassy fields, the light-banded snails escape bird predators. In the darker forest, the dark snails survive and the light-banded snails are eaten. As long as the snails continue to cruise across the British landscape mating at the same season, why doesnt this â€Å"disruptive selection† eventually lead to two separate

A discussion of how the authors biographical background leads to a Essay

A discussion of how the authors biographical background leads to a particular interpretation of a work - Essay Example The views and analyses made by the scholars while critically evaluating his works have also been included in the present study. The following hypothesis has been developed for the research: More thought-provoking and brilliant the author’s personality as well as observation of the environment, the more his piece of literature covers and reflects different aspects of the biographical background of its author. It is fact beyond doubt that there not only exists a strong and an intimate association between life and literature, but also life is the subject matter of all genres and forms of creative writing. It is therefore it has aptly been said that literature is the reflection of life and the norms, values, traditions, conventions and taboos prevailing in a society which can be found and preserved in gorgeous creative writing as the intellectual heritage of a particular culture and civilization. It is social and cultural features that provide the raw material to creativity on which the foundations of literature stand. Thus, realities of life give birth to the formation of literature. Looking into the history of the world at large, it becomes obvious that all human societies have worked for the preservation of their culture in the form of poetry, art, sculpture, drama, paintings and other forms of creativity. It is therefore ancient Greek philosophers and thinkers have discussed literature in their lectures and writings. Plato has also analyzed literature critically with special focus on poesy. He has declared poetry as mere imitation of life, and a true literary genre presents the actual picture of patterns of life without concealing the bitter facts it maintains. Aristotle, in his renowned Poetics, views men mere objects of imitation. â€Å"Since the objects of imitation are men in action, he argues, and these men must be either of a higher or a lower type, it follows that we must represent

Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Quiz - Essay Example Breeders who cross-breed animals to increase the occurrence of a desirable trait often encounter a noticeable increase in lethal genes. Why? Lamarcks ideas on evolution were adopted by some Russian scientists. Their textbooks asserted that a wheat plant could be made cold-hardy by conditioning in cold storage, or that workmen who develop strong muscles would produce children who would be born stronger. In this way of thinking, which of the major premises of evolution by natural selection was violated? In the case of the peppered moths in England, when Kettlewell set up cameras to document that more white or black moths were eaten by birds on clean or sooty trees, he was observing which factor involved in evolution by natural selection? Disruptive selection is described in Chapter 19 of the text with the case of British land snails. In the grassy fields, the light-banded snails escape bird predators. In the darker forest, the dark snails survive and the light-banded snails are eaten. As long as the snails continue to cruise across the British landscape mating at the same season, why doesnt this â€Å"disruptive selection† eventually lead to two separate

Product Campaign Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Product Campaign Plan - Research Paper Example Over the past two decades, there has been an increased number of Japanese restaurants in the US with the numbers more than doubling and the business environment becoming increasingly competitive. The 2010 Jetro Japanese Restaurants trends have shown that Japanese restaurants in the period 2005 to 2010 have increased by 54.8% (1). Furthermore, Lim (2) in his study acknowledges that increasingly over the past years American customers have come to appreciate Japanese food, and most specifically its famous sushi dishes. Such resign appreciation for the Japanese food and the increasing number of Japanese restaurants implies that Japanese restaurants will have to operate effectively within the growing competitive environment to be profitable. For Miyagi, one of the highly rated Japanese restaurants in Mclean VA, the need to be efficient and competitive in a changing environment is even greater if it is to retain its top spot in the region. Miyagi is a family-owned Japanese restaurant in Mclean VA, with the restaurant having been founded in the late 1980s, according to Lei a waitress in Miyagi, after the family immigrated to the US. The restaurant serves Japanese meals such as sushi, to the widely diverse population in Mclean region. However, based on observation, the ratio of Japanese vs. other residents frequenting the restaurant as compared to the ratio of the Japanese vs. other residents in Mclean VA region is higher. While the population in the region is 38929 residents that have different race backgrounds, Japanese population in the region are 514, presenting only 1.32% of the population and not enough market for the all Japanese restaurants in the region. This, therefore, implies Miyagi needs a campaign strategy that will elevate its prominence in the region as the place to be.

Management, Organisations and People Module Report Essay Example for Free

Management, Organisations and People Module Report Essay Introduction: The aim of this report is to provide an explanation to ‘Mimi Vasquez Hair and Beauty’ managers’ approach to leadership and go on to explore his relationship to his work group and how they have developed over time. It will first outline the methodology used to conduct this report and then go on to introduce the managers and workers and explain how their current work roles have developed over time. Subsequently, the report will provide an explanation to ‘Mimi Vasquez Hair and Beauty’ managers’ approach to leadership and go on to explore his relationship to his work group. To conclude the report, there will be a quick summary of what has already been mentioned and some limitations of the findings, methodology and related theories used in the report. The beauty salon which was named after its manager is privately owned and located in Chiswick in West London. In addition, it has two other branches located in Ealing and Hammersmith, both also within the West London area and owned by the same manager. All three of the beauty salons are relatively small in size making satisfactory profits and located just off the high streets in quieter areas. The first branch was opened in 1999 in Chiswick and the others followed on 5 years later, the Hammersmith branch being the newest. Method This report was conducted using both primary and secondary research. The primary research was collected directly from the manager and team members by interviewing them. By so doing, the research collected was new and wasn’t research that had already existed. Secondary research was collected through the use of books, the internet and articles and hence looking at existing data. Findings and discussion Behavioural theory As the manager, Mimi Vasquez, supervises and manages the overall performance of his staff and the business. His current work role is to analyse and recommend developing strategies on how to improve the quality of their services e.g. more speed and efficiency in cutting hair and accuracy with mixing colours of hair dye. These two examples are some of Mimi’s main targets and he wishes to have met these goals by July 2011. Mimi also examines ways to achieve his business goals of maximising profits and acknowledges that compensations and rewards have worked well in the past as they motivate and encourage staff to work better: Every year he elects 2 people as the most improved and most enthusiastic team members and rewards them in the form of bonuses and HMV vouchers. His work role also involves instructing his team members and allocating them to different parts of the salon when the day gets busy Moreover, this has played a great role in the development of Mimi’s leadership within the business. Yukl (2006, p5) defines leadership as- Leadership is the process wherein an individual member of a group or organization influences the interpretation of events, the choice of objectives and strategies, the organization of work activities, the motivation of people to achieve the objectives, the maintenance of cooperative relationships, the development of skills and confidence by member, and the enlistment of support and cooperation from people outside the group or organisation. Yukl’s definition very closely matches Mimi’s approach to leadership in the sense that it emphasizes the importance of ‘people skills’ and the social influence that leadership can have. One theory to provide evidence for this is the behaviour perspective. This theory claims that people become leaders because of what they do and this can be split into two different categories: task behaviour and relationship behaviour. Task behaviour places the main focus on the degree to which a leader emphasises productivity targets, goal accomplishments and maintaining standards. These behaviours can also be called ‘production-centred’ and it can be seen in Mimi’s leadership style when he uses HMV vouchers to motivate his staff to work harder and faster. Mimi has also said that rewards gave his staff an incentive to work and this played a crucial part in keeping them happy and full of energy, even towards the end of the day. Furthermore, relationship behaviour focuses on manager’s actions that show concern for their staff and their welfare as opposed to behaviours that concentrate on completing tasks. Although this contrasts to task behaviour, this can also be seen in Mimi’s leadership approach in the sense that he aims to improve his staff’s skills and help them gain more confidence in their job role. Trait perspective The controversy in defining leadership has enabled many different theories to be developed in an attempt to explain the meaning of a leader within a business or an organisation. Bratton (2010, p363) cited that ‘individuals who occupy leadership positions possess superior qualities or attributes compared with the traits possessed by non- leaders’. This view is known as the trait perspective and its’ theories such as the ‘great man theories’ focus mostly on positive characteristics such as stamina, intelligence and fluency in speech. Research in 1974 by Stogdill showed that socioeconomic factors also played a great role for example, very few corporate leaders had fathers who held a low class position or who were paid quite poorly. Stogdill also found that intelligence and fluency in speech were very closely related to leadership and used these traits to differentiate leaders from followers. He then concluded that there were ‘specific patterns’ of traits that occurred in some people which gave them an advantage when seeking a leadership position. Shabina and Mario also described their manager to hold very positive characteristics such as friendly, talkative, enthusiastic and organised and wasn’t like the other staff members at ‘Mimi Vasquez hair and beauty’ in the sense that he was much more determined. This therefore justifies why Mimi is a leader. In addition, research into ‘substitute’s for leadership’ claim that there should be a distinct difference between the leader and the followers in a business and there should be inflexible rules and formalized areas of responsibility in order to prevent the followers from being guided by their peers and replacing their existing leader. This would occur if the followers realized that their peers had the skills equivalent to their leader and they decided to follow them instead. Keith Grint (2005) also argues that successful leadership- Is not a list of innate skills and competences, or how much charisma you have, or whether you have a vision or a strategy for achieving that vision, but whether you have a capacity to learn from your followers. This again, provides evidence against the trait perspective stating that this is not what makes an effective leader. The shared/super leadership theory The founding of Mimi’s other branches, helped him gain experience which developed his role even further as he had to identify problems, make choices and provide alternatives actions to his initial plans. His role development throughout the years has been quite significant and his responsibilities have duplicated allowing him to improve his time management and organisation. Mario and Shabina are two team members of the salon who were also interviewed. Mario is a professional hair stylist whose work role involves restyling and cutting clients’ hair, dying, permanent hair straightening, Brazilian hair blow drying etc. His work role is crucial to the business as he has qualities and skills that require a lot of training and experience in order to gain. Mario’s work role has developed over the years as his experience has allowed him to move up the ladder in regards to the styles and haircuts he can confidently perform. The number of clients he reserves on a daily basis has also increased over the past 6 years of working at the salon showing an improvement in his abilities. He is now responsible for his own clients as before he would only deal with Mimi’s clients and help around. However, he is still in a lower position to Mimi and is usually responsible for making sure that Mimi’s clients are booked in for the dates and times they requested, making sure none of the time slots clash with one another. The Shared/super leadership theory suggests that excellent leaders are those who help their followers develop by acting as their teacher rather than keeping all of their knowledge to themselves. To add, Peter Senge(1990) also stated that ‘leaders are designers, stewards and teachers’ which supports the view. Mimi has constantly trained his team members, in particularly Mario and this also adds towards the statement that Mimi is an effective leadership. Fiedler’s leadership contingency theory Shabina is the only beautician at ‘Mimi Vasquez Hair and Beauty’ and her role involves taking care of her own customers and making her own bookings as well as offering all of the services; waxing, laser hair removal, threading, massages etc. Her role doesn’t involve anything to do with hair, and she works in her own room downstairs. However, Mimi is her manager also and so it is her responsibility to follow all of his guidelines and instructions. Her role has developed over the past 3 years as she first started out as an assistant, cleaning around and helping the beautician. She then worked her way up by gaining experience and qualifications and developed her role into a full-time professional beautician. Fiedler’s leadership contingency theory proposes that the effectiveness of the leader depends on whether the leadership style is matched with the followers and the environment. It is based on 3 main assumptions: 1) leader-member relations, which relate to whether the leader receives support, respect and trust of the followers; 2) task structure, which relates to how structured the tasks performed by followers are; 3) position power, which relates to the formal authority that the leader can exert through the use of punishment and rewards. This theory can explain Mimi’s leadership style as it explains why Mimi’s leadership is effective and hence how he has been able to successfully run the business for so many years. In relation to this theory, Mimi is placed to be known as a relationship-orientated leader and so it explains that his team members have been able to develop throughout the years because of his concern for them. The situational leadership theory Mimi’s relationship to his group is fairly hierarchical where he would force influence upon others to do something that they otherwise wouldn’t. This hair and beauty business is a good example as it shows how Mario takes responsibility for making bookings for both, his and Mimi’s clients. The group itself had developed over the years as they have slowly started to work as a team, helping each other and finishing each other’s jobs off when the salon gets busy. In 1999, manager Mimi’s Vasquez’s main roles were to simply open and close the salon, receive payments for the service provided and order raw materials such as; hair dye, scissors, wax etc. Now, with the growth of the business, all of the team members in the salon have developed their roles as they have had to cover for each other and enhance coordination skills. The situational leadership model is where the leaders’ leadership style depends on the maturity of the followers; it can explain that why Mimi trusts his staff to look after his salon whilst he is in a different branch. The friendly nature of the business also allows Mimi to be less formal and more flexible with rules and procedures. Bratton (2010, p.370) states that ‘Follower maturity is determined by the ability and willingness of the followers to accept responsibility for completing their work’. The fact that each team member has their own set of responsibilities proves that their levels of maturity are very high and hence can explain why Mimi’s rules are quite flexible, according to Mario and Shabina. Conclusion The report has explored Mimi’s approach to leadership using the behavioural, trait, shared/super leadership, contingency and situational theories and it can clearly be seen that leadership is not easily defined and its effectiveness isn’t easily measured. It has also outlined the work roles of the manager as well as the team members and explained how their roles have developed. To conclude, although the report gives a sense of idea of what Mimi’s leadership approach may be, in reality it is very hard to accurately describe using only one theory. Appendix Bratton, J. (2010) Work and organisational behaviour. 2nd edn, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Grint,K.(2005) Leadership: limits and possibilities, Basingstoke: Palgrave Senge, P.M.(1990) The Fifth Discipline. New York: Currency/Doubleday Yukl, G.(2006) Leadership in organizations.6th edn, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall

Analyzing A Selection Of Childrens Literature English Literature Essay

Analyzing A Selection Of Childrens Literature English Literature Essay With the birth of the field of childrens literature over two centuries old, Carnegie Medal winners represent only a small part of the history and tradition of childrens literature. The Graveyard Book (2009), the most recent addition recipient of the award, follows some of the traditions of the field, and differs in others. In my attempt to discuss how The Graveyard Book fits into the history and tradition of childrens literature, I will be comparing it with other notable works in the field, specifically, Robert Louis Stevensons Treasure Island (1883), J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone (1997), and Philippa Pearces Toms Midnight Garden (1958). As a fellow Carnegie winner, Toms Midnight Garden, offers a comparison of fantasy fiction, and when considered with Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone provides an interesting view of the changes that have occurred in the genre over the years. Treasure Island is structured similarly to The Graveyard Book, and both novels are good examples of the bildungsroman genre. In the course of this essay I will be referring to a range of critical material relevant to my discussion. The effect of childrens literature on children, and the reverse, is circular; as childrens attitudes to the world around them change, so too does the literature written for them, and as that literature changes, it again affects childrens attitudes. Furthermore, the evolution of adults understanding of childhood has affected which books are deemed suitable for publication. Childrens literature commonly exemplifies the beliefs and context of the culture in which it is written, however, since the majority of childrens literature is written by adults, it often reflects issues that concern adults, and not the intended audience. Adult-authors must make assumptions about the reaction of a child-reader or the behaviour of a child-protagonist, and in doing so, can sometimes offer a poor representation of a childs perspective. This difference between the adults and childs attitude to childrens literature can often be seen in the contrast between best-selling books, and those books that win lit erary prizes. Contrary to this, The Graveyard Book has won the Newbery Medal, Hugo Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Young Adult novel in 2009, and the 2010 Carnegie Medal (Wikipedia contributors, 2011), spent fifteen weeks on the New York Times best-seller list for childrens chapter books (Rich, 2009), and has a film adaptation currently in production (Wikipedia contributors, 2011). Gaiman himself recognized the unusual nature of a book being both popular and prestigious, saying that typically there are books that are best sellers and books that are winners (Gaiman quoted in Rich, 2009). The popularity and prestige of a childrens book is dependent on a number of different elements; instruction and/or delight, and social, cultural and historical contexts (Maybin, 2009, p. 116). Maybin states that prizes signify a books prestige in the eyes of the critics, but they are not necessarily an indication of its appeal to children (Maybin, 2009, p. 118). The division between the childrens books awarded literary prizes, and those that are popular with children is significant. An example of such division can be seen when comparing Philip Pullmans Northern Lights (1995) and Rowlings Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone; Northern Lights was the 1995 Carnegie Medal winner, while Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone only reached the shortlist for the 1997 Medal, but went on to win the Nestlà © Smarties Book Prize, The British Book Award for Childrens Book of the Year and the Childrens Book Award, all of which, suggestively, have involved children in the judging process. Like The Graveyard Book, both books are fantasy-adventure novels featuring a young protagonist. All three novels are read an enjoyed by adults and children, but while Northern Lights is considered by adults to be quality literature, Harry Potter is criticised being not literature but a phenomenon (Zipes, 2009, p. 289). Nicholas Tucker (2009) argues that the criteria for judging the quality of childrens books varied according to conceptions of childhood; for those with a romantic conception, the emphasis is on an exciting, imaginative storyline, whilst those who view childhood primarily as preparation for adulthood favour books that are truly representative (Tucker, 2009, p. 153). If compared to earlier childrens books, it appears that modern childrens literature reflects the development of a clearer concept of childhood. The debate surrounding instruction and delight in childrens literature is one that has occupied scholars for centuries. The first childrens book to combine the two concepts was A Little Pretty Pocket-Book (1744), published by John Newberry, and featuring the motto, deluctando monemus instruction with delight. (Montgomery, 2009, p. 13) Prior to A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, the majority of childrens literature was Puritan in nature, and advocated childrens conversion to Christianity in order to save their souls from eternal damnation. Their concept of original sin resulted in explicitly didactic literature intended to educate children both religiously and morally. Newberys childrens book was, according to Jack Zipes, the first childrens book in which amusement rather than religious indoctrination is the central concern (Montgomery, 2009, p. 13). In contrast to the clearly religious books generated by the Puritans, Newberys books appealed to parents more interested in social and financ ial improvement; Letter to Sir declares that learning is a most excellent thing and can raise a boy from a mean State of Life to a Coach and Six (Montgomery, 2009, p. 14). A Little Pretty Pocket-Book marks the beginning of an evolution of the purpose of childrens literature into a concern more for the moral development of a child; with an emphasis on becoming a good person for the sake of ones emotional well-being rather than for fear of eternal damnation. The Bildungsroman novel, considered to have begun with the publication of Johann Wolfgang von Goethes The Apprenticeship of Wilhelm Meister in 1795-6, emphasizes this psychological development. The genre is generally distinguished by a number of topical and thematic elements (Iversen, 2009), and narrates the protagonists maturation over the course of the novel. The protagonist is usually young, and, following early unhappiness leaves home on a long and demanding journey, along the way maturing into a self-aware, socially-responsible young adult. Structurally, a Bildungsroman will often favour inter-character dialogue over extensive plot development, which causes the readers attention to be centered firmly on the protagonist. Whilst a Bildungsroman is deemed to be a German novel, many scholars use the term (spelled without a capital) to refer to other novels of a similar style that have been published elsewhere. With this in mind, it can be reasoned that The Graveyard Book follows the traditions of a bildungsroman novel. The Graveyard Book incorporates a number of the elements present in other coming-of-age novels indeed, Gaiman himself has admitted that the novel was greatly influenced by Kiplings The Jungle Books (1894), which may be considered one of the best-known of such novels (Horn, 2010). Gaiman described the idea as, something a lot like The Jungle Book and set it in a graveyard (Gaiman quoted in Rich, 2009). The similarities between the two books are clear; in the book titles, the protagonist, even in individual chapters, for example the comparisons between the third chapter in The Graveyard Book, The Hounds of God and the second chapter in Book One of The Jungle Books, Kaas Hunting. Gaimans ability to take the premise of a popular book over a hundred years old and develop it into an enjoyable childrens book that is both modern and relevant, demonstrates how the traditions of childrens literature can be transformed to meet the demands of a new audience. A further example of the on-going tradition of the coming-of-age novel is the Harry Potter series, specifically Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone. The protagonists in both the Harry Potter novels and The Graveyard Book are orphaned as babies when their parents/family are killed by a murderer who, after failing to kill them, continues to hunt them until the two meet in a final show-down. This premise features in numerous books for children throughout the history of childrens literature, from the already mentioned Jungle Books to Lemony Snickets A Series of Unfortunate Events (1999-2006). The similarities between Harry Potter and Voldemort and Nobody Owens and the man Jack extend further than the latters desire to kill; the plots of both novels build from the murder of the protagonists family, and in both cases these murders are prompted by a prophecy that the protagonist would be the downfall of the antagonist. This concept of the child-hero is a popular one in childrens fiction and features throughout the history of childrens literature, from Wart in T. H. Whites The Sword in the Stone (1938) to Percy Jackson in Rick Riordans Camp Half-Blood series. Orphaned (whether literally or figuratively) protagonists appear frequently in childrens literature, from folk tales to contemporary fiction. A valuable literary device, an orphan provokes sympathy and can generate a perceived alliance between protagonist and reader. An orphaned child protagonist can also be convenient for the author since without parents, the budding child hero has more freedom to experience the, sometimes life-threatening, adventures that encourage his maturation. This can be seen in Toms Midnight Garden, the 1958 winner of the Carnegie Medal, and one of the Carnegie Medal 70th Anniversary top ten (The CILIP Carnegie Kate Greenaway Childrens Book Awards, 2007). Tom is able to visit the garden partly because of the absence of his parents whilst he is being cared for by his aunt and uncle, it is clear from the novel that neither adult is accustomed to caring for a child, and Tom takes advantage of this to pursue his nightly visits to the garden. Whilst Tom can be c onsidered a temporary orphan in a figurative sense, Hatty is literally an orphan, having lost both of her parents at a young age. Their status as orphans is not the only thing that Hatty and Bod share; as Hatty grows up, she ceases to see Tom, in the same way that Bod ceases to see the residents of the graveyard. Alison Waller (2009) argues that in young adult fiction the ending is always presumed to be a realisation of adulthood and maturity. (Waller, 2009, p. 54) This idea of maturation is reminiscent of Barries Peter Pan (1911) and Wendys realisation that she and her brothers cannot stay in Never Land, but must return home to grow-up. Humphrey Carpenter (1985) compares Tom and Peters attitudes to their ageing, arguing that the storys conclusion describes Toms acceptance of what Peter Pan can never accept: that Time must be allowed to pass, and growth and even old age must be accepted as necessary and even desirable facets of human nature (Carpenter, 1985). Like his predecessors in the traditions of the coming-of-age novel, Nobody Bod Owens is a likeable character, intriguing, and often contradictory in his behaviour; obedient, yet always questioning, determined, yet often managing to find trouble, courageous, yet sensitive. Happy as he is with his adoptive family in the graveyard, at the end of the novel, when he has become a young man, Bod declares that he want[s] to see lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I want everything (Gaiman, 2009, p. 286). While this journey of maturation shares a theme with Treasure Island, Bods declaration is in contrast to Jims final words which, rather than being optimistic at the possibility of future adventure, are fearfully reminiscent of the accursed island (Stevenson, 2008, p. 191). Structurally, The Graveyard Book and Treasure Island share some similarities; both novels centre around the adventures of a single, male protagonist, both novels can be described as being coming-of-age stories, and both novels have resolv ed endings. The novels differ in their point of view; where The Graveyard Book is generally narrated in the third-person, Treasure Island is narrated in the first-person, by Jim Hawkins. However, both novels do deviate from their standard narrative form there are several parts of The Graveyard Book where the events are recounted by either the man Jack or by Scarlett, and in Treasure Island, for chapters 16-18, Stevenson shifts the control of the narrative from Jim to Doctor Livesey. In an illustrated talk, Kim Reynolds suggests that childrens literature in its current state has been moulded by practices that began in the nineteenth century, and that whilst the content of books today differs significantly from those of the nineteenth century, there were still the same kinds of divisions then, that we have now in terms of what we might call good literature (Reynolds, EA300 DVD1, no. 5). A recurring theme in childrens literature across the years is the idea of home. Central to the domestic and school stories popular with girls in the nineteenth century, and to adventures stories popular with boys during the same period, home is either the setting for such novels, for example in Little Women, or a place of safety that the protagonist can return to after his adventures, like in Treasure Island. The Graveyard Book parts from this traditional notion of home; what should have been Bods place of safety became the place where the man Jack murdered his family, so home beca me a place that does not follow the traditional domestic image. When he leaves the graveyard as a young man, he realizes that if he does return, it will be a place, but it wont be home any longer (Gaiman, 2009, p. 286). Contrary to many earlier childrens novels advocating the traditional correlation of home and safety, in The Graveyard Book Bod is in fact safer among the dead in the graveyard, a place that is stereotypically considered scary or even dangerous. In the last two centuries, there has been a significant change in how ghosts are portrayed in childrens literature; early literature saw ghosts that were frightening, and used to teach children morals, while in contemporary literature they are just as likely to be friendly or even amusing. Both interpretations can be seen in the Harry Potter series, with the Bloody Baron representing the fearsome ghost, and Nearly Headless Nick representing the friendly. The tradition of friendly ghosts in childrens literature, such as those in The Graveyard Book, appears to have begun with William Pà ¨ne du Bois book, Elisabeth the Cow Ghost (1936) (Pearce, 1995). The appearance of ghosts in childrens fiction increased during the 1970s and 1980s, with a numb er of novels that used ghosts to teach their readers about historical events, and others that a child protagonist helping a ghost to accept his fate and move on. This is in direct contrast to The Graveyard Book, where it is Bod that has to move on into the world of the living, while the ghosts are left in the graveyard. The publication of The Graveyard Book follows a recent rise in the popularity amongst children and young adults of paranormal fiction. Fantasy fiction as it is today has been developing since the revival of folk and fairy tales in the early 1800s, advancing particularly during the First Golden Age of childrens literature. Modern fantasy tends to reject traditional sentimentality, exploring instead complex moral and sociological issues. In a similar way to modern realism, modern fantasy fiction has broached a number of taboo subjects, the most significant in The Graveyard Book, being death. In the early history of childrens literature, when death occurred in a book, it was often as a punishment, used to illustrate where the wrong path could lead. In contrast, in The Graveyard Book death is treated as a natural part of life not to be either welcomed or feared. However, unlike other childrens fiction that handles the subject, death in The Graveyard Book is largely regarded light-hearte dly, unlike for example in The Other Side of Truth, where their mothers death acts at the catalyst for Sade and Femis subsequent ordeals. The acceptance of subjects that have previously been considered taboo is, according to Rachel Falconer (2009) a result of changing conditions of contemporary childhood (Falconer, 2009, p. 373). The Graveyard Book encapsulates some of the major traditions of childrens literature and is reminiscent of some of the most noteworthy works in the history of the field. At the same time, the novel pushes the boundaries of what is accepted, unmasking a taboo subject and treating it positively but tastefully. A best-seller, the novel continues the current trend of paranormal fiction, and bridges the gap between the popular and the prestigious by winning numerous literary awards. Neil Gaimans description of his book as a book about life and childhood and the value of childhood (Gaiman quoted in Horn, 2010), places it firmly amongst the fields traditions, and the books double-win of the Newbery Medal and the Carnegie Medal gives it a significant role in the continuing development of the field of childrens literature.

The Admirable Lieutenant in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Othello, William Shakespeare’s moving tragedy, gives the audience a number of victims, one of whom is Cassio. But this rugged guy keeps recovering and coming back to enter the fray. Let’s talk about him in detail. Kenneth Muir, in the Introduction to William Shakespeare: Othello, explains the ins and outs of Cassio’s personality: Cassio is defined partly by the exigencies of the plot, which require him to have a poor head for drinking and to have a mistress; but his chivalric worship of Desdemona, his affectionate admiration for Othello, which enable him even at the end to call him ‘Dear General† and to speak of his greatness in heart, and his professional reputation, which only Iago impugns, build up a complex portrait of an attractive, if flawed, character. In spite of his weaknesses, we can understand why Iago should be envious of the ‘daily beauty in his life’ and why Desdemona should speak so warmly for his reinstatement. (41)    The opening scene finds Iago explaining his hatred of the general to Roderigo. Part of his bad feeling concerns Cassio, who reportedly has no military battlefield experience. In his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, A. C. Bradley rejects the ancient’s accusation that Cassio is an inexperienced soldier:    That Cassio, again, was an interloper and a mere closet-student without experience of war is incredible, considering first that Othello chose him for lieutenant, and secondly that the Senate appointed him to succeed Othello in command at Cyprus; and we have direct evidence that part of Iago’s statement is a lie, for Desdemona happens to mention that Cassio was a man who ‘all his time’ had ‘founded his good fortunes’ on Othello’s love and had ‘shared dangers’ wi... ...Othello’s safety, in his abstaining from taking part in the bold and suggestive comments of Iago to the two women as they wait for Othello’s ship and, a little later, in his sincere regret about the loss of his reputation after he has partaken of the wine which Iago has forced upon him. (85-86)    WORKS CITED    Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.    Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.   

Genetics and Genomics Essay

1. One patient has a grade I tumor of the lung, while another patient has a grade IV tumor of the lung. Explain how tumors in various stages are similar and how they differ. (1 point) Both stage I and stage IV lung cancer is presented with cellular differentiation, loss of normal tissue structure, as well as irregular size and shape of the nucleus. Normal cells are able to divide and die cancer cells are pile up on top of each other forming a tumor. The staging and grading of cancer depends on evaluation of size of the tumor, degree of invasion extent of spread and differentiation of cells. Stage I lung cancer is a tumor less than 3cm ,has no evidence of invasion, well differentiated, whereas stage IV tends to be least differentiated have most anaplasia, can be any size and have spread to other organs. The similarity sometimes noted in symptoms that patient is presenting with. Two patients may present with same symptoms and have two different stages. However the survival rate is the same regardless of stage. 2. If a patient has breast cancer, how would angiogenesis and invasion influence tumor growth and metastasis? (1 point) Angiogenesis is a physiological process of developing new blood vessels. This normal process is not only supplying the normal cells but also nourishes the cancer cells. Small cancers are unable to develop new blood vessels, however larger cancers can. The process of invasion occurs between the beginning of the event and development of obvious tumor, some mutated cells die while others reproduce. The tumor at this point continues to grow and reproduce. Breasts tissue is very vascular and very close located to lymph nodes. Cells break off from the original tumor and travel through the lymphatic system and blood stream, to the other organs where they produce secondary tumors. Chapter 14: 3. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (0.75 point) Sympathetic nervous system originates in a spinal cord. The small neurons enter the ganglia near the cord, the ganglia forms a chain that spreads the impulse to neurons (postganglionic) which are responsible for reaching many organs and glands. Physiologic effects of sympathetic nervous system is vasoconstriction, elevated blood pressure, increased heart  rate and contractility, increased respiratory rate, sufficient amount of blood flow to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle relaxation of the lungs, stomach, and urinary tract, sphincter contractions, dilated pupils and ciliary muscle relaxation, increased sweat gland secretion and reduced pancreatic secretions. Parasympathetic nervous system contrasts in the place of its origin, as it originates from central nervous system through cranial nerves from midbrain and medulla. After leaving the CNS the long preganglionic fibers fiber of each parasympathetic nerve travels to a ganglion near a particular organ or gland, and the short postganglionic fibers enter the organ or gland. The sympathetic has opposite order. With parasympathetic nervous system blood pressure heart rate respirations are measured at low levels, GI tract is active after meal, pupils constricted. These two systems compensate each other’s activities. 3. A patient has increased intracranial pressure of 30 mmHg caused by a massive closed head injury. Explain the process of increasing intracranial pressure, and discuss possible complications if the pressure is not decreased. (1 point) With closed head injury, external force is applied to the head and brain causing a disturbance of physiologic constancy. The injury has an impact on brain’s compensatory mechanisms by overwhelming them to the point where they became no longer effective. This leads to increased intracranial pressure. As increased intracranial pressure continues to rise, leading to increased cerebral blood flow which it causes venous congestion. This adds more increase to intracranial pressure, which at this point causes cellular hypoxia. As cellular hypoxia occurs brain death is imminent. 4. Two individuals come to the emergency department with head injuries. A 25 years old, has just been in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) and has a temporal lobe injury. The other, 65 years old, has increasing confusion after a fall that happened earlier in the week. How could you clinically differentiate between the individual with the extradural hematoma and the individual with the subdural hematoma? Which one of these individuals requires priority surgical treatment? (1 point) To clinically distinguish between these two injuries it is vital to understand the location of the injury, age of the individual, and extent of the injury. In this case the 25 year-old individual post motor vehicle accident has suffered extradural hematoma. The impact of the accident has caused blunt force trauma to head, which caused a rupture of meningeal artery. Arteries are generally are larger and bleed quicker, which predisposes this individual for quick blood loss. Irregular heart beat and breathing can lead to coma. The 65 year-old individual that has suffered a fall is presenting with subdural hematoma which involves veins, stretching of the veins causes them to tear and bleed. However since this patient is older and in older individuals brain cells die and brain shrinks there is more space in a brain so the veins stretch under low pressure and don’t bleed as fast. As this condition can cause increased intracranial pressure and lead to herniation of the brain it defin itely requires immediate intervention. Nevertheless the priority surgical treatment will be the individual with extradural hematoma due to increased risk of bleeding. Chapter 19: 6. What conditions must be present for a diagnosis of Reye syndrome? (0.25 point) Reye syndrome is believed to be caused by Influenza A, B, and chicken pox. Aspirin also should be avoided with children as it may cause Reye syndrome. Some studies suggest genetic predisposition to Reye syndrome. Some of the conditions that must be existent with this disease are persistent vomiting, loss of consciousness, and effects memory function. Reye syndrome affects temporal lobe of the brain where memory is stored. The encephalopathy is caused by liver depositing lipids. While looking at physiologic symptoms, the cerebrospinal fluid is obtain, and will likely be positive for leukocyte. Treatments depend on the extent of the illness.

Indian Curries Essay

Indian curries are, with no doubt, a famous part of cuisine to be found almost everywhere around the world. They are popular for their great taste and wide variety. It is no wonder then to find restaurant and other forms of eateries specializing in Indian cuisine. An Indian cuisine is not complete without the curry. In fact, the word curry is synonymous with Indian cuisine. Apart from the variety and great taste of Indian curries, they also have tantalizing colors that are appealing to the eye. There is a misconception about the Indian curries that is held by the public, especially American public. Many people think that they are always spicy. This is not the case. Some curries have sour flavors, and even sweet in some cases. It is not true that curry powder is the only ingredient of curry food in India. There are other ingredients like pepper, chillies and others. However, it is true that spices are a central part of Indian curry dishes, but not the sole component. This paper is going briefly look at the historical background of Indian curry. The different types of Indian curries will also be analyzed. The writer will also analyze the incorporation of Indian curry in American cuisine, and the popularity of this curry amongst the American public. Indian Curries: A Brief Background When the word curry is used in the Indian context, it refers to sauce (Panjabi, 2006). As such, any kind of Indian food that is accompanied by a sauce is referred to as a curry. Curries in India are used as a side dish, meaning that they accompany other meals like rice, chicken or lamb (Sanmugam, 2003). On the other hand, curry powder is a combination of various spices. These will include turmeric, coriander and other powders like chillies and ginger. The term curry is derived from a word that is found in the southern Indian community of Tamil (Panjabi, 2006). This community used the word â€Å"kari† to describe the same kind of dish that Indians refer to as curry (Panjabi, 2006). Curries have a very long history in the Indian culture. By the year 3000 B. C. , most of the ingredients of curry powder were to be found in Indian farms (Raghavan, 2006). These include turmeric and pepper. Also, mustard and cardamom were to be found in these farms. It is important to note that these were the basic ingredients of curry powder, meaning that this powder existed that early in this civilization. But the earliest evidence of a recipe that can be described as curry dish appeared much later. This is the period around 1700 B. C (Raghavan, 2006). It was in form of a meat dish that was accompanied with a spicy sauce, the hall mark of Indian curry (Raghavan, 2006). This was found in Mesopotamia, and it was a recipe written on tablets. Archeologists and other analyst of the early civilizations contend that this dish was an offer to the Marduk God (Raghavan, 2006). Curry became a component of British cuisine in the late 18th century (Peterson, 2007). It was brought to this land by merchant ships sailing from India. The first recipe for what we refer to as â€Å"curry† today appeared in 1747 in Britain (Peterson, 2007). It was composed by Hannah Glasse. This was in her book â€Å"Glasse’s Art of Cookery† (Peterson, 2007). Before 1780, curry could be found in some restaurants in the city of London. Curry powder, the chief ingredient of curry dish in India, is made by combining at least a dozen spices. This combination is referred to by the Indians as garam masala (Hayden, 2009). This combination is used in the Indian curry dish to bring out the distinct flavor and taste that is associated with Indian cuisine, as well as to add to the tantalizing flavor. Early Indian curry dishes did not contain peppers. This is because peppers were not grown in India at that time. They only came to be incorporated into the dish after the Indians started trading with merchants who had access to red and chili peppers (Panjabi, 2006). Curry dish can be varied to cater for the need of vegetarians as well as the meat lovers. Types of Indian Curries  These are the type of curry dishes that can be found in restaurants of nowadays that specialize in Indian cuisine. The dishes, together with the accompanying recipe, originated from India and her environs, but are sometimes adapted to fit to the local environment. For example, beef is not used by Indians in their cuisines, as it is against the Hindu religion. However, one tends to find Indian curry accompanying beef in most contemporary restaurants in our society. Rogan Josh The chief ingredient of this curry dish is lamb (Panjabi, 2006). The spices in this dish are moderate. The dish has its roots in the cuisine that is practiced in the Kashmir. This is especially the northern region of this country (Panjabi, 2006). To spice it up, the chef uses conspicuous amounts of dried red chillies. This gives it its characteristic deep crimson color. Fresh tomatoes are also used. The tomatoes are accompanied by a dash of coriander. Jalfrezi This is another Indian curry dish that is moderately spiced, lacking the distinctive hot taste that many people like to associate with Indian cuisine (Hayden, 2009). The curry sauce is composed mainly of tomatoes. They are stir fried, then garnished with sweet pepper (Hayden, 2009). The individual can add more peppers to make the curry sauce hotter, instead of its original flavor of slightly sweet. This sauce can then accompany other dishes like fish with rice and bread. Vindaloo This dish will perhaps give the consumer the envisioned image of Indian curries. It is a very fiery curry that has conspicuous amounts of red peppers and vinegar (Hayden, 2009). This dish is not native to India. It came with the Portuguese who colonized this country. This was in the late 1400’s (Hayden, 2009). Originally, this dish was a combination of wine and garlic. Today, cardamom and mustard seeds can be used to add to the distinct hot taste of the sauce. Dopiaza These curry dish is based on onions. First, onions are browned. Then the chef will add ginger and garlic. These are the three main components of the sauce (Hayden, 2009). After this sauce is prepared, it is then combined with the beef, fish, chicken, lamb or any other kind of meat that the person desires. It is moderately dry. The above are just some of the common curry dishes that are to be found in our society. It is an indication of how Indian curries have influenced contemporary food preparation and habits in America. This can be gauged by the number of Indian restaurants that are to be found around the cities. Each city has at least three Indian restaurants (Raghavan, 2006). Though the dishes are of Indian origin, it is important to note that the restaurants serve both Indian and non-Indian clientele. Importance of Indian Curries Food serves a number of functions in the human society. It is not only used to satisfy the hunger pangs of the individual, but can also be out into a myriad of other many uses. For example, food can be used as a means of socialization, whereby people meet and socialize over a plate of food or a cup of tea. Food can also be used for cultural practices, for example when it is used by Indians as offerings to their gods. Indian curries serve these purposes and many others. However, the notable benefit of Indian curries is to be found in their use as medicinal agents. Indian curries have been known to fight common illnesses like Alzheimer and cancer. This is perhaps the reason why there are less cases of Alzheimer in India and her neighboring societies. For the curries to have the desired medicinal value, the chef is advised to use fresh ingredients, as opposed to the processed ingredients like curry powder found in many supermarket shelves today. Caraway seed is one of the oldest ingredients of Indian spices (Sanmugam, 2003). These seeds contain limonene oil (Sanmugam, 2003). This is very useful in boosting the individual’s immunity system. It also helps in soothing dry and itchy skin. This oil has been known to relieve many conditions, especially after been combined with olive oil. These include bronchitis and eye infections (Sanmugam, 2003). When used in food, this spice helps lactating mothers to produce more milk for the child. It can also be used to contain oral infections like halitosis. Cardamom pod is another very useful ingredient of Indian curry. It contains cineole (Peterson, 2007). This is a potent antioxidant. It boosts the immune system. It also detoxifies one’s liver. People who consume curry containing this spice regularly have been known to have reduced risks of getting cancer, especially stomach cancer (Peterson, 2007). It is also known to fight asthma and can be used to fight bad breath. Clove contains elements that are also of medicinal value. It has eugenol, another form of an antioxidant agent (Peterson, 2007). It relieves toothache and sore throat. Fennel seeds are also very helpful. They have antioxidant which helps in fighting infections like cancer. Anethole is one antioxidant contained in these seeds. Kaempferol and rutin are other antioxidants of the same seeds. Turmeric root contains curcuma. This is what gives it the signature orange taint. It is an antioxidant and a pain killer. Conclusion Indian curries have a very long history in the Indian civilization. The ingredients of curry powder were cultivated in this society three millennia before the birth of Christ. This is an indication that they were probably used in these times. Indian curries have greatly influenced the cuisine of contemporary western societies. This can be gauged by the profusion of Indian restaurants in the country. Indian curry can accompany a number of dishes, and the preparations and ingredients of this curry vary from one place to the other. Like any other form of food, Indian curry can be put into several uses apart from the conventional one of satisfying hunger. The writer noted the medicinal use of this curry, an indication of its popularity.

Physical mental illness adolescents Essay

Adolescence is a period during which many learning tasks must be accomplished. Even adolescents whose development is normal may have problems. Some adolescents, however, have major problems in achieving a satisfactory adjustment to the demands of home, school, and community. They may engage in unacceptable behavior; or their physical, social, emotional, and mental development may be slower than that of other adolescents. This research paper presents some representative illnesses of adolescence; the illnesses covered include problems of physical and mental illnesses. The physical illnesses Theoretical Framework Adolescence is unknown in many nonindustrialized countries. Instead, adulthood begins with the onset of puberty and is commonly celebrated with traditional rites of passage. With the advent of universal free education and child labor laws in Western countries, children, who otherwise would have entered the adult work world by the time they reached puberty, entered a period of life during which they developed an adult body yet maintained a childlike dependence on parents. Formal study of this transitional period between childhood and adulthood, known as adolescence, began with the work of G. Stanley Hall at the beginning of this century (Proefrock, 1999). But adolescence became a major field of study only in the past few decades. In fact, the Annual Review of Psychology did not include a review of research on adolescence until 1988- its 39th volume (Petersen, 1998). Adolescence has been celebrated in myth and fiction as a time of joy, with few pressures and demands. Is adolescence a carefree and happy stage? While many adolescent probably remember good times, they also remember times of unhappiness and stress, too. Moreover, most adolescents recall fears and doubts and periods of insecurity, along with unpleasant feelings about the kind of person they were. If so, they’re recollections are not unusual. Contrary to the romanticized version of adolescence as a carefree time, many illnesses may arise in this period. A truly carefree adolescence is rare, if not impossible. In spite of the illnesses that adolescents face, and the troubled behaviors that they may manifest, most adolescents do not become identified as â€Å"problem children. † This research paper will examine some illnesses in adolescent stage considered to be manifestations of disordered functioning. Causal factors will be presented for each illness, and treatments will also be discussed. Empirical Evidence In considering the problem of illnesses in adolescents, an important variable must be remembered: Adolescence is a very short period. Ideally, they develop from â€Å"primitive organism† to mature, stable adults. During the course of development, some behaviors may frequently be bothersome to others, or may cause psychological pain for the adolescent. Fortunately, these behaviors often disappear with time; the child â€Å"grows out† of them. Many theorists view life as a series of developmental periods through which children progress. During this progression, many tasks must be completed if the child is to become a reasonably well-functioning human being. How well each of us resolves these development tasks depends on many factors, including our genetic endowment, physical environment, and psychological support we receive from those raising us. Rather than review the development stages presented by one theorist, we will look more generally at what faces the child. Defining Illnesses Many criteria have been suggested for distinguishing whether the behavior of a child is to be considered an illness. A child’s behavior may not meet all these criteria, or even most of them, and still be of concern to a parent. For example, a teenager who is fearful about school might not be diagnosed as suffering from disorder, but the child would benefit from parental understanding and assistance in resolving this fear. The application of a formal diagnosis to many adolescent illnesses may result in negative labeling effects for many diagnosed adolescent, who are likely to carry the stigma of diagnosis throughout their school career. The more severe labels, may correctly or incorrectly influence teachers` perceptions of the asserts and deficits of adolescents. If an adolescent is expected to be a problem student because of a diagnostic label the teacher may well behave in a way that elicits problem behavior from the adolescent. The label may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. Mental Illness The term mentally ill is frightening to many people. Movies, books, and magazines often depict mental illness in frightening ways. In some cases, adolescents suffering from a mental illness do act unpredictably or even dangerously. With proper diagnosis and treatment, most of the symptoms of mental illnesses can be controlled. It is tempting to distinguish healthy adolescents from adolescents with mental illness problems. However, there is often a fine line between mental health and mental illness. It is important to understand that mental illnesses vary in their severity. For example, many adolescents suffered from various levels of anxiety or depression. Others have suffered from serious mental disorders with biological origins. Education about the adolescents` mental illness is vital for those with mental health problems as well as for the adolescents` friends and family. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders. Approximately 5 million adolescents suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorders. An obsessive-compulsive disorder is an illness in which people have obsessive thoughts or perform habitual behaviors that they cannot control. People with obsessions often have recurring ideas or thoughts that they cannot control. People with compulsions feel forced to engage in a receptive behavior, almost as if the behavior controls them. Continual handwashing, counting to a certain number while using the toilet, and checking and rechecking all the light switches in the house before leaving or going to bed are examples of compulsive behaviors. Some compulsive behaviors that are more harmful include pulling out one’s hair and other forms of self-mutilation. The causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder are difficult to isolate. Some theorists believe that sufferers engage in compulsive behaviors to distract themselves from more pressing problems. Until recently, behavioral therapy, which focuses on controlling and changing behaviors, has been the common treatment for sufferers of obsessive-compulsive disorders. However, research now indicates that some of these disorders may be caused by a lack of the neurotransmitters serotonin in the limbic system. In the early 1990, a drug called clomipramine (Anafiranil) was released for prescription use. Researchers believe that chlomipramine alters the way serotonin is used in the brain. When used in conjunction with behavioral therapy, this drug has been found to be helpful in alleviating symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion/Summary explaining the connection between my subject and current ideas and applications within the field of psychology and throughout the research the references should be noted and organized, third person writing perspective and avoid biased or pejorative language. 12 font, Courier style font and double spaced. Thank you. Physical and mental Illness in Adolescents. I want the paper to have both positive and opposing veiws from authors along with a knowledgable solution or idea.